If
15 August, 1947 is considered as a momentous day in the history of the Indian
nation, 19 December, 1961 can be considered to be the Goan equivalent of the
‘Indian Independence’ whereby it is largely agreed upon that ‘Liberation’ from
Portuguese colonial rule was achieved after 450 years. The corpus of
perceptions handed down to us regarding Operation Vijay launched by the Indian
State is often viewed through a (almost sacral) veneer of nationalist history,
wherein vivid images of Goan freedom-fighters being brutally assaulted and
tortured by the Portuguese police and military shape and define this discourse
through art, literature, poetry and songs. But one cannot deny the fact that
this particular slice of history and the role of freedom-fighters in it have
not been critically assessed. Happily for us, due to a wonderful memoir by
Suresh Kanekar, we can shift our thinking in this direction.
Suresh Kanekar is the father of the
best-selling novelist Amita Kanekar, though Suresh Kanekar is a well-known
academic himself, having few books and numerous research papers to his credit. He
has also previously authored a novel called Of
Mangoes and Monsoons.
Suresh Kanekar’s memoir Goa’s Liberation and Thereafter: Chronicles
of a Fragmented Life is roughly divided into two phases: one, where as a
very young student he enters, head-on into the freedom struggle and gets
incarcerated for five years in Aguada and then again for a few more months; and
in the second phase, he describes his life as a student of Psychology in Poona,
in the US and finally in the Bombay University as a faculty member. Though the
latter part of the book is interesting as it chronicles Suresh Kanekar’s
battles with an inefficient and lackadaisical administration and also gives a
glimpse of his cantankerous and enfant
terrible side, I shall however largely dwell on the former part of the book
as it is more relevant to Goan history.
Suresh Kanekar describes his
cavalier days as a student, first in Goa and later in Poona. He was a
happy-go-lucky person who decided to join the freedom struggle after the arrest
of Pundalik Gaitonde. But young Suresh Kanekar was not fired by any patriotism
or nationalism and joining “the Goa freedom movement was a matter of escapism
at worst and romanticism at best, with hardly any idealism or patriotism
involved. Conceivably, in my case, patriotism was the first refuge of the
scoundrel. I became seriously committed to the freedom movement only after I was
arrested and put behind bars,” Suresh Kanekar discloses. Suresh Kanekar does
not try to fit his account in the established moulds of hagiographies about the
Goan freedom struggle and thus, his book can be useful to look beyond the
nationalist paradigms of history.
One can find a very detailed and
vivid description of Suresh Kanekar’s arrest, interrogation and the final
incarceration in Aguada – where he was imprisoned for five years. What will
strike the reader is that nowhere in the account stories of physical
brutalities against the political prisoners are present. Life in the jail “was
uneventful after the preliminary hearings. We had settled down to a routine of
cooking, eating, cleaning, and so on,” he says. In fact, one can find Suresh
Kanekar having a pleasant and civil time with the Portuguese guards in the
Aguada prison. When the prisoners had any complaints they would write petitions
to the authorities and generally they were given a patient listening. Even when
they did not wish to stand to the Portuguese flag as a mark of respect and
homage, the prisoners after non-violent disobedience and a few petitions achieved
their goal and, “one fine morning the sergeant or corporal on duty came to our
hall and told us the commander-in-chief had determined that we should no longer
be forced to stand for the flag. I practically danced with relief and joy.”
Finally when Suresh Kanekar
completed his term of imprisonment and was released, this is what he had to
say, “I never saw Aguada again, although I had and have wonderful memories of
the place. I had been sentenced to five years of rigorous imprisonment and I
had been behind bars for five years and twenty-five days. Those five years were
the best five years of my life till then. They changed me into a much better
person than I was before imprisonment.”
Suresh Kanekar narrates a particular
incident about Mohan Virginkar, the then vice-president of the National
Congress (Goa). He was supposed to offer satyagraha
in April 1955, but failed to appear at the site after he developed
cold-feet. “[B]ut unfortunately for him his name was announced on the All India
Radio along with the names of other satyagrahis
who had genuinely offered satyagraha
on the specified day. The next day he was arrested and put behind bars. When he
was sentenced, he fainted in court. He was in Aguada briefly, and then was
transferred to Margaon where female freedom fighters were imprisoned. There he
was close to his wealthy and influential family,” reports Suresh Kanekar.
What one can observe in the
autobiography is that Suresh Kanekar narrates anecdotes and incidents about
people who were, generally, elites. One gets a sense that most of Suresh
Kanekar’s interaction in prison was with this group of people who were
upper-caste. All the petitioning and protests inside the jail were conceived
and lead by these people. And within
this group of upper-caste freedom-fighters, in Suresh Kanekar’s memoir, there
are more Hindu names than Catholic ones. Thus, one needs to ask some questions:
who were the ones who fought and as a consequence went to jail for Goa’s
Liberation? Why did they fight for Goa’s Liberation? Why weren’t other sections
of Goan society actively involved in the freedom movement (satyagraha or armed rebellion)? These other sections do not find
any worthwhile mention in the memoir. We must remember that Suresh Kanekar was
in the Aguada prison for five years and Aguada was not a large prison; it seems
that everybody knew everybody.
One of the most memorable and high
points of the book is definitely Suresh Kanekar being witness to the formal
surrender of Goa to the Indian Army between Vassalo e Silva and Dhillon,
despite it being a virtual war zone. Thus, it needs to be quoted at some
length, “We went back to where the surrender was to take place right out in the
open. Dhillon was sitting in a jeep, while Nanda arranged to have the few cars
including ours that were there placed in a semi-circle, with the headlights
converging at where the governor-general would be surrendering to Dhillon. At
about 8:45 pm, Vassalo e Silva was brought to the spot along with his adjutant
or chief of staff, probably named Andrade, and made to wait while adjustments
were being made to the cars and the lighting. Nanda had found a photographer to
take the picture of the ceremony, but the photographer did not have a flash for
his camera. Nanda instructed the photographer that he was to take the
photograph at the signal that Nanda would give him [which did not happen, as a
result we do not have picture of that fateful moment]…At Nanda’s orders,
Vassalo e Silva stepped forward, saluted Dhillon (…) [Dhillon did not salute
back], and handed over the instrument of surrender to Dhillon, after which
Dhillon went back to sit in his vehicle and Vassalo e Silva returned with his
adjutant to the place of his confinement. Neither Dhillon nor Vassalo e Silva
had uttered a single word during the brief ceremony.”
I have come across, generally in
cyberspace, many discussions about the Indian Army’s action in Goa. Many point
out that excesses that accompany military actions were not witnessed in Goa. Although
this is true to a large extent, Suresh Kanekar however recounts “a horrible
event” in Margão. A young Catholic woman was crossing the railway tracks where
some Indian jawans were loading or
offloading material in train wagons. Not far from here, a group of men were
playing cricket, one of them being a friend of the author and the source of
this information. The group of men playing cricket suspected something foul and
found the woman raped. This matter was hushed up and the perpetrators were
eventually taken into custody and quickly moved out of Goa. On 19 December,
ironically the day of Goa’s Liberation, when Suresh Kanekar and two of his
friends were moving to Vasco they had the company of two captains in their car.
Suresh Kanekar recounts, “One of them said these [i.e. Goans] are our people or
else we would have had some fun.”
Although
interesting and well-written, Suresh Kanekar only narrates events of history of
which he was a part. Since there is not much written about the freedom-fighters
or writings of the freedom-fighters, it would have been better if Suresh
Kanekar had engaged much more rigorously with this history and situate his
experiences within it thereby providing his reader with critical historical insights.
Thus, a young reader like me knows what happened, but does not know what these
momentous events meant for Suresh Kanekar and a lot of other people he talks
about. But all said and done, this book is a fresh insight into Goa’s freedom
struggle and one should not miss it.
Goa’s
Liberation and Thereafter: Chronicles of a Fragmented Life by
Suresh Kanekar (Saligão, Goa: Goa1556), 2011; pp. vi+270, Rs. 295/- [ISBN:
9789380739304]
(A version of this article appeared on Gomantak Times, dt: May 14, 2013).
Dear Dale,
ReplyDeleteA reliable history of the freedom fight in Goa during the 20th century has yet to be told. But it won't be. That would be as difficult as writing a reliable history of the French resistance to German occupation in WW II, or a reliable history of Portuguese resistance to Salazar's regime...
Paulo Varela Gomes [COMMENT ON THE THIRD THRUSDAY GOA BOOK CLUB]
Dear Dr. Varela Gomes,
DeleteI do agree with you that there won't be a 'reliable history' of the freedom struggle. If I have understood you correctly, what you are hinting at is the dearth of data in the form of autobiographies, documentation etc for the writing of these reliable histories. Right now there does not seem to be any way out of it since what is written is largely viewed through the nationalist lens. However, since Suresh Kanekar's autobiography does not try to fit its narrative in the established hagiographies of the freedom movement, I believe that it is possible for us to devise alternate reading strategies using Kanekar's text. Perhaps, we could also look at some memoirs or autobiographies of Portuguese soldiers (if there are any) in developing this alternate readings of the history of Goa's freedom struggle.
Dear Dale,
DeleteUnfortunately, lack of documentation is not what I hint at. I believe there are many, many documents. What the three cases (and many others) have in common is the simple fact that the vast majority of the respective populations (Goan, French, Portuguese) offered no resistance to the regimes in question, lived quietly and peacefully through them and only occasionally, very occasionally, did the freedom fighter ultra-minority obtain active support for the population at large. More: a considerable amount of people, in Goa, in France, in Portugal, actively cooperated with the ruling powers of the time. This has been more that proved for the French case, and this alone prevents a reliable history of French resistance being told: nobody wants it.
There is another angle, an even more problematic one: the history of the freedom fighters who cooperated with the police. We don't like to be reminded of the sad history of those who were broken by torture and even of those who went all the way and started working for the police in result of having broken under torture.
We want even less to remember the others: those who worked with the police out of simple fear.
And finally there were the traitors, the double agents.
The real world is a murky world.
But it is not an even world: repression in France was unbelievably brutal. In Portugal, some resistant were treated with great harshness (communists), others with utter brutality (resistant in Portuguese Africa), many more leniently (bourgeois opposition in Portugal, except when they recurred to arms: my mother, an upper class lady, was brutally tortured, for instance, because she was an accomplice of my father in an armed attempt at overthrowing Salazar).
In Goa, as far as I know, there was no real brutality except occasionally. This probably explains why so few of the freedom fighters I have read about were treated with real harshness and so many were almost friendly with the police or the authorities. Of course, Salazar wanted no trouble in Goa, to keep Nehru hesitating. But there were other reasons too: Goan nattionalists were by and large not communists. Between the colonial authorities and the armed resistence there were one million shades of grey.
Yes hagiography is a problem. Because we need saints and we like to forget about our demons or about our reality as common people.
Best
Pvg