Robert Eric Frykenberg’s book Christianity in India: From the Beginnings
to the Present, opens by dwelling on the intrinsic nature of the Gospel. He
says that evangelization was not optional even in the earliest times and thus,
“The Good News…possessed qualities that were also intrinsically disruptive and
revolutionary.” Frykenberg asserts that the ideology of the Gospel, “by its
very nature, [is] expansive, trans-cultural, and globalizing. Yet, its
spiritual and universalizing claims also required flesh and blood – incarnation
– concrete expression in the particularities of each ethno-local culture.”
Since the Gospel needed an “earthly manifestation”, it was “altered and
remoulded with each successive wave of expansion without contradicting itself
or departing from what became the sacred canon or established Scripture.”
It
is through the work of such historians like Frykenberg, that we have learnt not
to treat the history of Christianity and Christianity itself as foreign to
India or Goa. Now what does this mean for the people of Goa (and not just the
Catholic population)? Surely there needs to be a rethink on how the history of
Goa has been written and the way Catholicism is being perceived.
For
some time now, Fr. Victor Ferrao has been devoting himself in the project of
creating a theological response to colonialism, conversion and the challenges
that Christians are facing in contemporary Goa. In fact his book Being a Goan Christian dealt with the
abovementioned issues. Our Goan-ness and Christian-ness is informed and
influenced by perceptions of the past and hence theology plays a role as a
response of the church to the existing, dominating and hegemonic discourses of
Goan history.
During
a two-day seminar organized by the Pedro Arrupe Institute, Raia, (on 22 and 23,
June, 2013) on “The Challenge of Being a Goan Christian,” Ferrao asserted that
till now theology has “bracketed” the colonial past and hence it is important
to understand colonialism from a theological point of view. Because Goa was
exposed to Portuguese orientalism (which is different from a British one), we
have a unique position from which we can understand ourselves as well as
understand and theorize about India. Thus, this opens a unique space to develop
a theology in and from Goa owing to different experiences of colonialism and
post-colonial times, whereby Goa becomes or is the ‘other India’.
There
were some interesting strands that emerged from the seminar. Take the issue of
‘conversion’, for one. Along with a therapeutic dialogue that would enable
healing due to the trauma caused by conversion to both Hindus and Catholics, it
was pointed out that we also need to inculcate such claims like the ones made
by many Christian tribals (Gavddis) of Goa that conversion left them landless
while their Hindu counterparts possess land today, in the theologizing. On the issue of conversion we can profitably
look towards alternate narratives such as those provided by Mahabaleshwar
Sail’s novel Yug Sanvar, where a
‘social inquisition’ that operated within the then ‘Hindu’ society can be
observed.
Much
of the thrust towards developing a new theology depends on how we understand
and read history. Therefore, a key strategy that emerged was the need to take
responsibility for our past. This becomes imperative because, as Ferrao claims,
the Hindus as well as the Christians are forgetting history (both for different
reasons) and are also suffering as a result. Thus, it becomes important for us
to understand our pre-Portuguese past; how this past was not Hindu but was
composed of multiple and fragmented identities and in this sense the Christians
can own their past, rework and rewrite it.
For a unique theology to develop, Ferrao
identifies six challenges:
- · For the Christian to take possession of their history
- · Respond to the de-historicized condition of theology in India and Asia
- · Therapeutic dialogue with the Hindus
- · Tourism: to theologize on the shores of Colva and Calangute
- · Reaching out to the Goan diaspora across the globe
- · Eco-theology: responding to the effects of mining in Goa
Although Ferrao
recognizes that the dominant, upper-caste discourse understands the colonial
experience and conversion as ‘polluting’, caste does not form part of the
schema for a theological response. We need to stress on this point as sooner
than later the Church in Goa needs to own up to the subtle and not-so-subtle
discrimination meted out to the so-called lower-castes; a sense of discomfort
that the laity as well as those of the Church experience must be remedied.
One eagerly hopes that
much more progress will follow from the start made by people like Ferrao. One
also hopes that Ferrao is not an only and marginalized voice in the Church.
(A version of this article appeared on Round Table India on 22, July, 2013. View the link here).
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